Robots: past, present and future (âûïîëíèë Êóêëèí Ì, 19-21 ÌÔ ÓäÃÓ)

Between 1967 and 1969, researchers at the Stanford Research Institute in the United States developed a robot with wheels named Shakey. Shakey was fitted with bump detectors, a sonar range finder, and a TV camera. All three helped Shakey to move freely and avoid obstacles. However, at the time, Shakey was thought to be a failure. This was because it could only be controlled by a separate mainframe computer, which sent its commands to the robot through a radio channel.

The next important step was the development of robots with legs. In 1967, the General Electric Corporation had developed a four-wheeled machine for the US Department of Defense. The machine carried a human operator who had to control each of the four legs. This was an extremely difficult job for the driver, and the machine regularly became unbalanced and fell over.

Later devices were more successful - for example, a four-legged robot developed at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1980. This system combined a human controller with automatic processing of information about the terrain, right down to the foot movements needed to ensure smooth movement.

In 1983, a six-legged robot was developed by Odetics Incorporated, for commercial production. A battery-powered model, Odex I, used a radio channel for leg control and a video link for conveying images. This machine could walk over obstacles and lift loads several times its own weight.

Meanwhile, research continues on machines that rely on one or two legs. In 1984, Marc Raibert developed one-legged hopping robots at Carnegie Mellon University in the USA.

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	Robots: past, present and future.
	The history of robotics became before the twentieth century. Far history, people were trying to invente machine who could write, draw, paint and play musical instrument.
	The word "robot’"was invented by the Czech playwright, Karel Capek. It comes from the Czech word for ‘work’. In Capek’s play RUR (Rossum’s Universal Robots), which came to London in 1921, the robots became so intelligent and so disillusioned with their human master that they revolted.They destroyed the humans and created a new world inhabited only by robots. This theme of ungrateful robots rebelling against their human creator is one that has been used by science fiction writers. In 1954, the American inventor George Devol began work that eventually led to the industrial robot as we know it today. His company, the Unimation Company, developed flexible industrial machine and began to market them in the early sixties. Since then, many companies have entered the robotics market.
	Between 1967 and 1969, researchers at the Stanford Research Institute in the United States developed a robot with wheels named Shakey. Shakey was fitted with bump detectors, a sonar range finder, and a TV camera. All three helped Shakey to move freely and avoid obstacles. However, at the time, Shakey was thought to be a failure. This was because it could only be controlled by a separate mainframe computer, which sent its commands to the robot through a radio channel.
	The next important step was the development of robots with legs. In 1967, the General Electric Corporation had developed a four-wheeled machine for the US Department of Defense. The machine carried a human operator who had to control each of the four legs. This was an extremely difficult job for the driver, and the machine regularly became unbalanced and fell over.
	Later devices were more successful - for example, a four-legged robot developed at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1980. This system combined a human controller with automatic processing of information about the terrain, right down to the foot movements needed to ensure smooth movement.
	In 1983, a six-legged robot was developed by Odetics Incorporated, for commercial production. A battery-powered model, Odex I, used a radio channel for leg control and a video link for conveying images. This machine could walk over obstacles and lift loads several times its own weight.
	Meanwhile, research continues on machines that rely on one or two legs. In 1984, Marc Raibert developed one-legged hopping robots at Carnegie Mellon University in the USA.

Robots: past, present and future.